tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17321771373113081052024-03-13T22:33:12.036-07:00"Non solo scienze""giorni di liceo"http://www.blogger.com/profile/09568976494620209360noreply@blogger.comBlogger15125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732177137311308105.post-52453318029889255392012-12-12T22:16:00.000-08:002012-02-01T13:40:34.363-08:00"Augurio dal nostro Dirigente Scolastico"<div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Freestyle Script"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;">L’informazione globalizzata è tratto essenziale della società di oggi:</span></div></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Freestyle Script"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;">offrire a Scuola le mappe di un mondo complesso e sempre in continua evoluzione </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Freestyle Script"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;">e strumenti per orientare e tendere la propria “strada” </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Freestyle Script"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;">è dovere ineludibile per noi Docenti.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Freestyle Script"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;">E’ da notare che la capacità che ciascuno sviluppa nel controllare e gestire </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Freestyle Script"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;">il miglioramento personale nello studio costituisce elemento essenziale </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Freestyle Script"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;">per raggiungere livelli di eccellenza.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Freestyle Script"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;">Il giovane o l’adulto che chieda consigli e informazioni è capace di autorinforzo, </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Freestyle Script"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;">attiva strategie per ricordare le informazioni richieste per la soluzione di problemi, mobilita conoscenze per strutturare uno schema di risoluzioni </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Freestyle Script"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;">e correggendo eventuali errori avvia processi per prestazioni migliori.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Freestyle Script"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;">Apriamo una finestra e poniamoci insieme in questa direzione. </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Freestyle Script"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;">Buon lavoro.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Freestyle Script"; font-size: 24pt;">Il Dirigente Scolastico</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Freestyle Script"; font-size: 24pt;">Francesca Valenti Taranto</span></div></div>"giorni di liceo"http://www.blogger.com/profile/09568976494620209360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732177137311308105.post-16478083576021757342012-05-21T09:35:00.015-07:002012-05-22T08:13:42.588-07:00"LA DONNA"<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxX1lOE8SK2A0Fj7LChMut3H8FEs67yoHeOtFOOhkJSrJVWTJNLQTSoMBF_-jNoJlWB_S4UnogL4sdDDnv2Rg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Da sempre l’uomo ha sfruttato ciò che la natura gli metteva a disposizione .... l</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">e nuove tecnologie hanno un duplice significato nell’evoluzione economica: accrescono la produttività ....., creano nuove risorse ..... </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Il vero sviluppo è il passaggio da condizioni </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">meno umane a più umane .... il primo dovere del comportamento umano collettivo ....... è la salvaguardia della natura ....... l’uomo è diventato un pericolo per se e per l’intera biosfera. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Le donne nella cultura e nella vita civile sono state sempre emarginate ...... ma molte sono quelle che si sono impegnate in ogni ambito scientifico e a difesa della natura:</span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">Ellen Swallow</span> oggi è considerata la fondatrice dell'ecologia e dell'ingegneria ambientale. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;">Rachel Carson</span> fu la prima a prevedere gli effetti delle tecniche in agricoltura .... a denunciare pubblicamente .... i danni inferti alla natura dall'uso e abuso di insetticidi chimici. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">Susan Subak </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">economista</span> <span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">ecologica</span> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: black;">contemporanea,</span> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">sostiene che per diminuire la produzione di gas serra è importante diminuire il consumo di carne poi</span></span></span><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: black;">chè .... i bovini emettono tra 70,8 e 133 grammi di metano ogni 450 grammi di carne prodotta. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">Fran<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">ç</span></span>oise d'Eaubonne</span>, donna-scienziata afferma che esiste una relazione fra le donne e l'ambiente, fra le violenze sulle donne e le violenze sull'ambiente ..... </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Vandana</span></span><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> Shiva</span> <span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">è contro l'uso massiccio di monocolture poichè</span></span><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> alterano gli equilibri del territorio ....</span> </span><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">la biodiversità </span></span></span></span><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">è minacciata </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> dalle multinazionali</span> <span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">che ....</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">Donella Dana H. Meadows</span>, ricercatrice .... </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: Calibri; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 3; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">mette in guardia sui devastanti effetti dell’azione umana sul clima, le qualità delle acque, la biodiversità marina, le foreste e tutte le altre risorse naturali.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Questa è la sintesi del video che è stato approfondito e realizzato da Miriam Fanara e Mariabice Stabile, due allieve della classe IV sez. "E". </span> </div>"giorni di liceo"http://www.blogger.com/profile/09568976494620209360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732177137311308105.post-89455971476497854772012-03-13T14:29:00.002-07:002012-03-13T14:37:48.733-07:00La storia e i principi del Darwinismo e del Neodarwinismo<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Charles Darwin, celeberrimo naturalista inglese vissuto tra il 1809 ed il 1882, fu l’artefice della teoria – oggi conosciuta sotto il nome di darwinismo – che rivoluzionò completamente la concezione finalistica del fissismo biologico ponendo le basi della moderna concezione dell’evoluzione. Darwin nacque in una famiglia molto benestante di tradizioni naturalistiche (suo padre, Erasmus Darwin, nella sua <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Zoonomia </i>aveva<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>affermato l’esistenza di una evoluzione dovuta all’influenza dell’ambiente) e, sebbene inizialmente interessato alla teologia, i suoi interessi si rivolsero dal 1831 in poi ad una sistematica analisi comparativa dei viventi. In quell’anno Darwin si imbarcò infatti sul brigantino Beagle come naturalista di bordo non retribuito e nei cinque anni successivi (durante i quali il brigantino si spostò dall’Argentina all’Australia indi dalle isole del Pacifico all’Africa meridionale) egli ebbe la possibilità di compiere numerose osservazioni da cui dedusse alcuni dei fondamenti della sua futura teoria: ad esempio sulle isole Galàpagos<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Darwin notò una grande variabilità morfologica e metabolica nei fringuelli, il che non si verificava nel Sud America dove invece i fringuelli erano abbastanza simili. Darwin ipotizzò che, essendo tali isole relativamente recenti, i fringuelli che vi erano giunti avevano avuto la possibilità di specializzarsi in diversi ambiti alimentari poiché non vi erano altri organismi che li già detenevano; tali organismi esistevano invece all’interno del continente e non permisero la diversificazione dei fringuelli che vi restarono. Questo esempio racchiude in se l’idea di <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">variabilità</b> (la diversità dei caratteri, non sempre vantaggiosi, in una popolazione) ed<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>il concetto di mutamento, o meglio di “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">evoluzione</b>”*: tale concetto, che si opponeva al fissismo di Muvier, era stato invero intuito precedentemente (quantunque in un senso incompleto o in parte errato) da Erasmus Darwin e dal naturalista Jean-Baptiste de Lamark il quale, nel suo trattato <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philosophie zoologique</i>, individuava nella <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">legge dell’uso e del non uso</i> e nella <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">legge dell’ereditarietà dei caratteri acquisiti</i>*, le cause di esso. Ritornato in Inghilterra nel 1836, Darwin svolse una serie di brillanti esperimenti nella sua villa a qualche chilometro da Londra, dove condusse il resto della sua vita, interessandosi alle tecniche di allevamento ed in particolare alla “selezione artificiale” la tecnica grazie alla quale è possibile ottenere delle razze specifiche all’interno di una specie (ad esempio le varie razze canine), da cui egli pensò che se era possibile far derivare delle differenti razze da una specie, era ragionevole supporre che le varie specie derivassero similmente da altre specie. <br />
Darwin dedusse il famoso concetto della “lotta per la sopravvivenza” o “sopravvivenza del più adatto”, uno dei pilastri della teoria evoluzionistica, da una lettura del trattato <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sulla popolazione </i>dell’economista britannico Robert Malthus (1766-1834) in cui si afferma che la popolazione umana cresce in maniera superiore ai beni prodotti e sarebbe stata quindi ridotta a causa di una carestia o un’epidemia.* Darwin considerò che l’habitat di una popolazione non è in grado di fornire le risorse per tutti gli individui, per cui solo una parte di essi – quella con le caratteristiche più adatte o più vantaggiose all’ambiente in cui vive – è in grado di sopravvivere. L’adattabilità risulta tuttavia inutile se non è accompagnata dalla capacità di riprodursi (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fitness Darwiniano</b>), in quanto un individuo forte ma sterile non tramanda i propri geni alla generazione successiva e dunque a livello evolutivo la sua esistenza risulta inefficace. La stretta relazione tra variabilità e lotta per la sopravvivenza determina la cosiddetta “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">selezione naturale</b>” ovvero la legge che determina la prevalenza, la sopravvivenza o anche l’estinzione di un gruppo di individui rispetto ad un altro pertanto la legge alla base dell’evoluzione stessa. La selezione può essere dovuta non solo alle caratteristiche dell’ambiente, ma anche a particolari requisiti necessari all’accoppiamento (dunque interni alla popolazione in esame) nel qual caso si parla di <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bimorfismo sessuale</b> e di <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">selezione sessuale</b>. La selezione inoltre può talvolta favorire gruppi di individui contraddistinti da caratteristiche diverse: in questo caso si distinguono tre tipi di selezione: - Se la selezione favorisce individui dai caratteri estremi e opposti tra loro si parla di selezione separatrice ( si determinano due gruppi nettamente distinti). <br />
- Se la selezione favorisce individui dai caratteri intermedi si parla di selezione standardizzante (la popolazione tende ad omogeneizzarsi). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">- Se la selezione favorisce un individui caratterizzati da un solo carattere estremo si parla di selezione direzionale (la popolazione tende ad assumere caratteri simili a quello favorito). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Per Darwin, a differenza che per Lamark, l’evoluzione non è un processo volto ad progressivo miglioramento ma la somma di una serie di piccole modificazioni volte ad un adattamento all’ambiente -non sempre generalmente positive - (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gradualismo</b>). Quando, nel 1858, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>la teoria di Darwin era ormai pronta per essere resa pubblica, egli ricevette una memoria dal naturalista Alfred Wallace da consegnare alla Società Linneiana di Londra in cui si esponeva la stessa teoria di Darwin, che consegnò e vi aggiunse un proprio scritto. Il 24 novembre dell’anno seguente Darwin pubblicò il famoso trattato <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sulla origine delle specie</i>, in cui si esplicava con forte rigore scientifico e con abbondanza di esempi per i vari casi trattati <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>la teoria su cui egli aveva lavorato fino ad allora. L’opera aprì da subito un acceso dibattito che vide contrapposti Darwin con gli scienziati al suo seguito e i sostenitori del fissismo (in particolare gli ecclesiastici): il trasformismo avallato dalla teoria di Darwin negava una stabilità nella morfologia dei viventi, il che era l’opposto di quanto sosteneva il fissismo; la teoria dell’evoluzione minacciava inoltre di generare uno stravolgimento della tradizionale concezione antropocentrica di natura teologica, come effettivamente accadde. A seguito del trattato sulla origine delle specie si aprirono diversi dibattiti sulla natura dell’uomo e più precisamente se egli dovesse considerarsi frutto di un processo evolutivo alla stregua degli altri viventi: a tal proposito famosa è la controversia nata durante una conferenza sull’evoluzionismo applicato alla specie umana tenuta a Oxford nel 1860 dal biologo Thomas Huxley, un sostenitore del darwinismo, tra questo e il vescovo anglicano Samuel Wilderforce il quale domandò ironicamente a Huxley se “era per parte di madre o di padre che egli derivasse da una scimmia” al che Huxley replicò che “non considerava affatto una vergogna avere come progenitore una scimmia, ma piuttosto essere imparentato con un uomo che impiegava la sua intelligenza per nascondere la verità”<span style="color: red;">°</span>. Gli accesi dibattiti nati a seguito di simili considerazioni negli anni successivi furono in parte placati con la pubblicazione del trattato <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L’origine dell’uomo </i>(1871) in cui Darwin evidenziava le tesi suddette sull’evoluzione dell’uomo in due testi, in cui esplica rispettivamente e riassume le sue argomentazioni, le quali possono essere suddivise in argomentazioni di carattere logico-deduttivo – in esse si afferma principalmente che se si ammette la validità delle leggi dell’evoluzionismo non vi è alcun motivo scientificamente plausibile per escludere l’uomo dalla loro azione – e argomentazioni di carattere empirico-induttivo – in esse si elenca una serie di esempi di anatomia comparata che mettono in risalto la presenza di organi omologhi e organi analoghi tra gli uomini e altri mammiferi -.<br />
La precisione matematica del Darwinismo è ancora oggi ritenuta stupefacente dalla maggior parte degli scienziati poiché Darwin stesso non sapeva dell’azione dei geni nella determinazione dei caratteri: l’odierna concezione dell’evoluzione, detta Neodarwinismo, basata sulla teoria sintetica dell’evoluzione (una sintesi tra darwinismo e genetica, sviluppata nel XX secolo), introduce in particolare l’azione del caso per giustificare la variabilità genetica. La genetica delle popolazioni, la branca della biologia che studia le mutazioni genetiche in gruppi di individui, considera oggi nuovi parametri valutativi quali il <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pool genetico</b> (l’insieme o il flusso dei geni presenti in una popolazione che rimane invariato se non vi è evoluzione) ed effetti che ne determinano modificazioni non obbligatoriamente legati all’ambiente quanto a variabili aleatorie quali l’effetto a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">collo di bottiglia</b>, - un calo improvviso del numero di individui a causa di un’epidemia o di una catastrofe ambientale<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>e<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lo sviluppo di una popolazione caratterizzata dal pool degli individui sopravvissuti-<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>o <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">l’effetto</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">del fondatore – </b>la nascita di una nuova popolazione in cui è presente il pool genetico di un gruppo di individui proveniente da un’altra popolazione -.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">*Paradossalmente Darwin non adottò quasi mai il termine “evoluzione” nel trattato Sulla origine delle specie per paura della critica; alla stessa causa si devono in parte il grande rigore espositivo e la ricchezza di esempi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">*La legge dell’uso e del non uso afferma che organi ricorsivamente usati tendono a svilupparsi mentre organi poco o non usati tendono a scomparire (famoso esempio di questa legge è l’evoluzione del collo della giraffa). La legge della trasmissione dei caratteri acquisiti afferma che i caratteri acquisiti da un individui sono trasmessi direttamente alla prole (principio non vero in quanto esistono esempi di genitori e figli con predisposizioni completamente diverse) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">*Gli studi di Malthus dimostrano matematicamente che una qualunque popolazione tende nel tempo a raggiungere un numero di abitanti <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">k</i>, detto popolazione limite. Ciò è dovuto a una serie di fattori ambientali riassunti in una costante <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a</i> la cui discutibilità è espressa dalla imprecisione del valore di k ad essa legato. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">BIBLIOGRAFIA<br />
</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Le espressioni seguite dal simbolo <span style="color: red;">°</span> sono tratte da “Charles Darwin. L’uomo: evoluzione di un progetto?” di Edoardo Boncinelli.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
Post scritto da Alfredo Ingraldo, alunno della classe 3' sez. "E".</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"></div>"giorni di liceo"http://www.blogger.com/profile/09568976494620209360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732177137311308105.post-63488865072976990052012-02-26T10:40:00.004-08:002012-02-26T11:03:01.045-08:00Il modello VSEPR<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">Per</span> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><strong><span style="color: red;">"</span><span style="color: red;">COLORO CHE"</span></strong> ................... </span><br />
vogliono approfondire la geometria molecolare dei composti con il modello VSEPR suggeriamo l'interessante sito del Prof. Lombardo "Scienze a scuola"<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.scienzeascuola.it/joomla/le-lezioni/5-lezioni/97-il-modello-vsepr-per-la-definizione-della-geometria-molecolare#.T0p8JE9FpKU.blogger">Il modello VSEPR per la definizione della geometria molecolare</a></div>"giorni di liceo"http://www.blogger.com/profile/09568976494620209360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732177137311308105.post-21566995321743489702012-02-01T13:37:00.000-08:002012-02-01T13:43:59.906-08:00Il calendario<div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">L’uomo misura il tempo con le ore e i giorni, conta le stagioni che si alternano intorno al Sole, affida le credenze popolari e le tradizioni contadine all’influenza della Luna, ma quanto tempo è effettivamente trascorso da quando il primo ominide scese dagli alberi e guardò il cielo. Il calendario è soltanto una misura del tempo limitato e finito.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.05pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Il calendario è un convenzionale sistema di divisione del tempo civile dettato dagli incalzanti ritmi dell'economia mondiale. L'etimologia esatta del termine è intercettata da Leopardi nelle "Storia dell'astronomia": la parola calendario deriverebbe dal verbo "calo" e indica l'azione del Pontefice minore che dopo aver osservato la posizione della Luna in novilunio proclama in Campidoglio quanti giorni passavano dalle Calende alle None. A seconda del fenomeno astronomico studiato si possono individuare tre tipi di calendario: solare, lunare, luni-solare. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Il calendario solare, o tropico, indica il periodo che intercorre tra due equinozi di primavera e ha durata di 365 ore, 5 ore, 48 minuti e 45 secondi. Il nostro attuale calendario è un calendario solare molto simile a quello egiziano.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.05pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Il calendario lunare indica dodici lunazioni, ovvero il tempo che intercorre tra due congiunzioni successive col sole; ogni lunazione ha durata di 29 giorni 12 ore 44 minuti e 3 secondi e dunque l'anno lunare, moltiplicando per dodici il valore di ogni singola lunazione, risulta durare 354 giorni 8 ore 48 minuti e 36 secondi. I mesi lunari vengono alternativamente calcolati di ventinove e trenta giorni e suddivisi in mesi cavi o pieni. Il calendario ecclesiastico è un calendario lunare che fa riferimento a una luna fittizia detta luna ecclesiastica.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Sembra che ai tempi di Romolo l'anno civile fosse di 304 giorni distribuiti in dieci mesi, sei dei quali di trenta giorni e quattro di trentuno. I nomi dei mesi erano quelli attuali tranne quelli del settimo e ottavo mese, Julius, attuale luglio in memoria della nascita di Giulio Cesare, e Augustus, in memoria di alcune celebri vittorie dell'imperatore Ottaviano Augusto. Si pensa che gli Antichi Romani avessero ereditato il calendario da una popolazione indoeuropea, i Veda, anch'essi con un calendario di dieci mesi poichè facevano riferimento ai dieci mesi di luce in corrispondenza di uno dei poli e non consideravano i mesi di assenza totale di luce; saranno i Romani ad aggiungere due mesi al calendario grazie alla riforma operata da Numa Pompilio. Il calendario pompiliano era un calendario lunare di 354 giorni e dunque la differenza di circa undici giorni rispetto all'anno solare si fece subito notare; questa differenza fu risolta aggiungendo un mese di ventidue o ventitre giorni. Tra i calendari antichi meritano particolare attenzione il calendario giuliano e il calendario gregoriano.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-no-proof: yes;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.05pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Giulio Cesare nel 46 a.c., sotto consiglio dell'astronomo Siogene, attuò una riforma per arginare la confusione causata dalla riforma pompiliana. Il 46 a.c. venne così denominato "ultimus annus confusionis". Il calendario giuliano era un calendario lunare e intercalava ogni quattro anni un anno bisestile, così chiamato poichè il giorno complementare doveva cadere sei giorni prima delle calende di Marzo. Il calendario giuliano era organizzato in dodici mesi di trenta o trentuno giorni, ad eccezione di febbraio che ne contava ventinove; a differenza del calendario pompiliano gennaio e febbraio diventarono i primi due mesi dell'anno civile. L'incarico della proclamazione del giorno complementare era compito dei pontefici minori che però gestivano la pratica per necessità economiche o esigenze personali.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Augusto decise di porre un rimedio a questi errori ordinando che venissero ammessi i tre anni bisestili successivi all'8 a.c. Si deve anche ad Augusto il nuovo assetto del calendario: fu tolto un giorno a febbraio, che contava ora ventotto giorni, per darlo ad Agosto e fu cambiato il numero dei giorni degli ultimi quattro mesi dell'anno in modo che garantire l'alternanza tra mesi di trenta e mesi di trentuno giorni. Ma purtroppo nè Cesare nè Augusto riuscirono a colmare la differenza tra anno solare e anno civile, differenza che porta un divario di tre giorni ogni quattrocento anni. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.05pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Per risolvere questo problema Papa Gregorio IX nel 1582 operò un'importante riforma; la riforma gregoriana stabilì che dovevano essere bisestili tutti gli anni divisi per quattrocento e per arginare gli errori passati il giorno successivo al 4 ottobre 1852 fu il 15 ottobre dello stesso anno. La differenza tra il calendario giuliano e quello gregoriano è che il primo conta novantasette anni bisestili mentre il secondo soltanto tre in più. Il calendario gregoriano fu gradualmente accettato da tutti gli Stati ed è attualmente vigente. Lo scienziato Antonio Zichichi ha avanzato una proposta di miglioramento del calendario gregoriano: togliere tre giorni ogni diecimila anni e applicare il cosiddetto "Calendario perfetto".<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Altri paesi però usano ancora altri calendari. Il calendario musulmano è basato sul mese lunare e ha inizio dalla fuga di Maometto dalla Mecca a Medina. Così come il popolo musulmano anche il popolo ebraico ha mantenuto il proprio calendario; il calendario ebraico è anch'esso lunare e il giorno inizia col tramonto del sole. Gli ebrei contano gli anni a partire dalla prima luna nuova dopo la creazione del Mondo.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.05pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></span></v:shapetype><v:shape id="Immagine_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_s1027" style="height: 209.8pt; left: 0px; margin-left: -29.15pt; margin-top: 155.1pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 163.55pt; z-index: -1;" type="#_x0000_t75" wrapcoords="-99 0 -99 21523 21600 21523 21600 0 -99 0"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <v:imagedata o:title="calendario" src="file:///C:\Users\Elsa\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"> <w:wrap type="tight"> </w:wrap></v:imagedata></span></v:shape><v:shape id="Immagine_x0020_6" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 192.95pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 354pt; margin-top: 209.45pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 156.2pt; z-index: -2;" type="#_x0000_t75" wrapcoords="-81 0 -81 21534 21600 21534 21600 0 -81 0"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <v:imagedata o:title="calendario romano(chronos)" src="file:///C:\Users\Elsa\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png"> <w:wrap type="tight"> </w:wrap></v:imagedata></span></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Altra convenzione civile-religiosa è il cosiddetto calendario liturgico, dettato dalle liturgie.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: right;">Argomento prodotto da Alessia Messina, classe 5' sez. "E"</div>"giorni di liceo"http://www.blogger.com/profile/09568976494620209360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732177137311308105.post-41929895846691285812011-12-12T11:25:00.000-08:002011-12-19T06:19:39.945-08:00Diagramma dei livelli, sottolivelli e forma degli orbitali.<div align="center" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Diagramma dei livelli, sottolivelli e forma degli orbitali.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-u1QVo2zETqg/TukRCW4YPsI/AAAAAAAAAIc/dvKBWikyUM4/s1600/forma+orbitali.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-u1QVo2zETqg/TukRCW4YPsI/AAAAAAAAAIc/dvKBWikyUM4/s640/forma+orbitali.jpg" width="456" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Per visualizzare e approfondire gli orbitali consultare il sito: </div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitale_atomico">http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitale_atomico</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"> Configurazione elettronica degli elementi della tavola periodica.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MJoK-gRasmE/TukQQZX_7tI/AAAAAAAAAIU/6O9zoYz0jRk/s1600/diagramma+livelli.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MJoK-gRasmE/TukQQZX_7tI/AAAAAAAAAIU/6O9zoYz0jRk/s640/diagramma+livelli.jpg" width="418" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div>"giorni di liceo"http://www.blogger.com/profile/09568976494620209360noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732177137311308105.post-11213677127826358952011-12-10T15:48:00.000-08:002012-06-01T07:12:37.285-07:00Eccezioni alle leggi di Mendel<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Eccezioni alle leggi di </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Mendel</span></span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 40pt; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto; text-transform: none;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: ar-DZ; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">La "codominanza" è un tipo di relazione in cui l’</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">eterozigote </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: ar-DZ; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">ha il </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">FENOTIPO</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: ar-DZ; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> di entrambi gli omozigoti.</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Esempio di tale relazione si ha nei GRUPPI SANGUIGNI dell'uomo.</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: ar-DZ; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: ar-DZ; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Gli esseri umani presentano quattro tipi di GRUPPI SANGUIGNI: "A", "B", "AB" e "O", derivanti dal sistema ABO. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-e09w5LxEPs0/TuTUYtcRL3I/AAAAAAAAAHc/K_c9hfBDkhI/s1600/sistema+ABO.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="86" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-e09w5LxEPs0/TuTUYtcRL3I/AAAAAAAAAHc/K_c9hfBDkhI/s200/sistema+ABO.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">-Il gruppo "A" presenta sulla membrana dei globuli rossi l'antigene A e nel plasma l'anticorpo anti-B. Gli individui possono essere omozigoti dominanti "AA" oppure eterozigoti "AO" </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">-Il gruppo "B" presenta sulla membrana dei globuli rossi l'antigene B e nel plasma l'anticorpo anti-A. Gli individui sono omozigoti dominanti "BB" o eterozigoti "BO" </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">-Il gruppo "AB" presenta sulla membrana dei globuli rossi sia l'antigene A che l'antigene B, mentre nel plasma non vi sono anticorpi. I soggetti hanno entrambi i genotipi dominanti, perciò codominanti eterozigoti "AB". </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">-Il gruppo "O" non presenta sui globuli rossi antigeni, ma nel plasma vi sono entrambi gli anticorpi (anti-A e anti-B). I soggetti sono omozigoti recessivi "OO".</span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6zUNtVshzOY/TuTUslr9RsI/AAAAAAAAAHk/oiCpOWwGtaU/s1600/gruppi+sanguigni.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="185" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6zUNtVshzOY/TuTUslr9RsI/AAAAAAAAAHk/oiCpOWwGtaU/s400/gruppi+sanguigni.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<div style="direction: ltr; language: it; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: ar-DZ; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Ma il sangue degli oltre sei miliardi e mezzo di esseri umani non è di soli quattro tipi; ci sono molte altre sostanze e classificazioni. Una delle più note è quella del SISTEMA RH.</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Il fattore Rh è un gene di forma dominante che, se presente, è localizzato sulla membrana dei globuli rossi e viene identificato con Rh+.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Il fattore è presente in tutti gli individui omozigoti Rh+/Rh+ e negli eterozigoti Rh+/Rh-, mentre è assente negli individui con genotipo omozigote Rh-/Rh-</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">.</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Vgioz900o3U/TuTVLQJvyEI/AAAAAAAAAHs/5wzGr-m2Omk/s1600/fattore+Rh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="103" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Vgioz900o3U/TuTVLQJvyEI/AAAAAAAAAHs/5wzGr-m2Omk/s200/fattore+Rh.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Questi individui hanno sangue del gruppo Rh negativo e non possono ricevere sangue del tipo Rh positivo perché ne distruggerebbero i globuli rossi con i propri anticorpi.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Nella specie umana, l’incrocio del sistema ABO e dei fattori </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Rh</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, genera una varietà di gruppi sanguigni, che sono molto importantissimi nelle trasfusioni.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9AQYFVGMIfs/TuTVt5NeVvI/AAAAAAAAAH0/uG7RfeVOTmE/s1600/variabilit%25C3%25A0+gruppi+sanguigni.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9AQYFVGMIfs/TuTVt5NeVvI/AAAAAAAAAH0/uG7RfeVOTmE/s320/variabilit%25C3%25A0+gruppi+sanguigni.jpg" width="271" /></a><br />
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Ecco quali sono le trasfusioni possibili:</span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HoUH9hhx95E/TuTsydinL4I/AAAAAAAAAH8/2ReLghonV7k/s1600/donazione+sangue.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HoUH9hhx95E/TuTsydinL4I/AAAAAAAAAH8/2ReLghonV7k/s640/donazione+sangue.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Lavoro prodotto da Rosaria </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Ruggirello</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, classe 3’ sez. “G”</span></div>
</div>"giorni di liceo"http://www.blogger.com/profile/09568976494620209360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732177137311308105.post-10561579910009697062011-10-28T05:05:00.000-07:002011-12-19T06:25:55.329-08:00La Genetica di Mendel<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;">La Genetica di </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;">Mendel</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">La genetica, (dal greco </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: el; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">gennao γεννάω </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">= dare vita, generare) è la scienza che studia i geni, l’ereditarietà e la variabilità genetica degli esseri viventi. Pioniere della genetica fu Gregor Johann </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Mendel</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, considerato per questo il padre fondatore</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">. </span></span><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nfqMiFl0nBg/TqqQij_VLBI/AAAAAAAAAFM/xq7sTGBqVWQ/s1600/Mendel.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hS6JuLjkE1A/TqqmYbtHg8I/AAAAAAAAAF0/KaC0sM-24ko/s1600/Mendel.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hS6JuLjkE1A/TqqmYbtHg8I/AAAAAAAAAF0/KaC0sM-24ko/s200/Mendel.gif" width="170" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="direction: ltr; language: it; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <a href="http://www.promoblog.it/"><span style="font-size: small;">http://www.promoblog.it</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 18pt; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nfqMiFl0nBg/TqqQij_VLBI/AAAAAAAAAFM/xq7sTGBqVWQ/s1600/Mendel.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> Gregor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Johann </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: af; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Mendel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nacque il 20 luglio 1822 </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">in </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Hynčice</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, nel nord della Moravia (allora austriaca Slesia) </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: af; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">da genitori contadini. Nell’agosto del </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">1847 venne ordinato sacerdote e restò nel monastero agostiniano di San Tommaso a </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: gsw-FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Brunn</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> (odierna Brno). </span><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nZ8eGdwqBB0/TqqRNqxjUVI/AAAAAAAAAFU/Tw0D7H2OJj8/s1600/mendel2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nZ8eGdwqBB0/TqqRNqxjUVI/AAAAAAAAAFU/Tw0D7H2OJj8/s1600/mendel2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Ebbe molti interessi e oltre all’insegnamento nella scuola secondaria, si occupò di meteorologia, statistica, matematica e scienze naturali. </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: gsw-FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Mendel</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, coltivando l'orto dell'abbazia, </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">scoprì i meccanismi di base dell’ereditarietà ed eseguì incroci controllati sulle piante di piselli; soltanto molti anni dopo rivelò i suoi lavori. </span></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mVDjnOVyoN4/TqqoeeHMNvI/AAAAAAAAAF8/hoEZtXcNRKw/s1600/mendel2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mVDjnOVyoN4/TqqoeeHMNvI/AAAAAAAAAF8/hoEZtXcNRKw/s200/mendel2.png" width="160" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.mondoerre.it/"><span style="font-size: x-small;">http://</span></a></span><a href="http://www.mondoerre.it/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">www.mondoerre.it</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Oggi è considerato il precursore della moderna genetica per le sue osservazioni sui caratteri ereditari. </span></span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 24pt; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Il lavoro paziente e meticoloso di </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: sq; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Mendel</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> gli consentì di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Coltivare e analizzare circa 28.000 piante di piselli (</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: sq; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Pisum Sativum)</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">.</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: sq; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 24pt; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Alternando incroci per autoimpollinazione e per impollinazione artificiale, </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: sq; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Mendel osserv</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">ò l</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: sq; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">o sviluppo e le<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>caratteristiche</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> delle piante</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: sq; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">e</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: sq; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">formulò</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: sq; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">tr</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: sq; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">e leggi fondamental</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">i</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: sq; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> sull'eredità dei caratteri che segnarono la nascita della genetica. </span></span></span></span></span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-R2xX9QSRq2k/Tqqozv2WHPI/AAAAAAAAAGE/gC3E-2Qhh18/s1600/Mendel3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="145" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-R2xX9QSRq2k/Tqqozv2WHPI/AAAAAAAAAGE/gC3E-2Qhh18/s200/Mendel3.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="direction: ltr; language: it; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> <a href="http://www.pupia.tv/">http://www.pupia.tv/</a></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span></div></td></tr>
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<span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 24pt; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: sq; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Inoltre, Mendel fu il primo ad usare metodi statistici </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">nella conduzione e nell'analisi delle sue ricerche.</span></span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 24pt; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: sq; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Mendel </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">identificò 7 caratteri presenti in due forme alternative<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>e<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nettamente<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>distinguibili<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>senza<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>equivoci.</span></span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0R1FOmjJiQY/TqqqILhreTI/AAAAAAAAAGM/WRIqszs_tDE/s1600/Immagine1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="364" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0R1FOmjJiQY/TqqqILhreTI/AAAAAAAAAGM/WRIqszs_tDE/s640/Immagine1.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Mendel</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> scelse alcune piante e le lasciò autoimpollinare per molte generazioni, così facendo ottenne diverse linee pure poiché conservavano invariato uno specifico carattere, in termini genetici rappresentano la “GENERAZIONE PARENTALE”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>o dei genitori (P). Successivamente verificò l’ipotesi dell’</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: am-ET; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">EREDITà</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> PER MESCOLANZA e provò ad incrociare quelle che differivano tra loro per un solo carattere.</span></span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 24pt; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dV3hmn8IYbs/Tqqr76eW2nI/AAAAAAAAAGc/PrP8TccBdMA/s1600/Immagine2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="202" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dV3hmn8IYbs/Tqqr76eW2nI/AAAAAAAAAGc/PrP8TccBdMA/s400/Immagine2.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: it; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Avendo ripetuto più volte tali esperimenti, concluse affermando: “Incrociando </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">due individui che differiscono per un </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">solo carattere </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">puro </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">si ottengono </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">individui in cui si manifesta solo uno dei due caratteri (</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">detto dominante</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">) mentre l'altro (detto recessivo) rimane latente. Questo </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">significa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>che</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, in ogni caso, nella generazione successiva (o </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">prima generazione) uno dei </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">caratteri antagonisti non si manifesta mai nel fenotipo</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">.”</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AnusZQF_t5M/Tqqsy8lE5YI/AAAAAAAAAGk/F-o6Ipssspk/s1600/Immagine3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AnusZQF_t5M/Tqqsy8lE5YI/AAAAAAAAAGk/F-o6Ipssspk/s200/Immagine3.png" width="200" /></a></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: it; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"><br />
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</div><div style="direction: ltr; language: it; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: center; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #660066; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;">La prima legge </span><span style="color: #660066; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: sah-RU; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;">di </span><span style="color: #660066; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: sah-RU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">M</span><span style="color: #660066; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: sah-RU; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;">endel </span><span style="color: #660066; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">è</span><span style="color: #660066; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;"> </span></span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: it; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: center; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #660066; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;"></span><span style="color: #660066; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">la legge della “DOMINANZA”</span></span><span style="color: #660066; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: it; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: center; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: it; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Per confermare questi</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> risultati</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, Mendel </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">fece autoimpollinare </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">gli individui d</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">e</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">l</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">la F1</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, cioè gli ibridi con </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">fiore viola (</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Vb</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">)</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> e trovò nella seconda generazione</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> (F2)</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> che il rapporto tra piante a </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">fiore viola </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">e </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">piante </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">a </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">fiore bianco</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> era di </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">3:1</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">. Allora ipotizzò che i fattori formassero coppie </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">VV</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Vb</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Vb</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">bb</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> e che, a causa della dominanza di </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">V</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> su </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">b</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, le piante che ereditavano le configurazioni </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">VV</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Vb</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Vb</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">si presentassero con </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">fi</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">o</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">re viola</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, mentre quelle con i </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: af; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">fattori bb</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: en-TT; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: gsw-FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">avessero<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fior</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">e</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> bianco</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">.</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; language: kn; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: it; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i_3C-heUKhA/Tqqtvm_vgiI/AAAAAAAAAGs/5pjVOR0Uidw/s1600/Immagine4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="302" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i_3C-heUKhA/Tqqtvm_vgiI/AAAAAAAAAGs/5pjVOR0Uidw/s320/Immagine4.png" width="320" /></a></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: it; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"><br />
<span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Per distinguere gli eterozigoti dagli omozigoti dominanti, egli li incrociò con gli individui a fenotipo recessivo; in circa 2/3 dei casi vennero generate anche piantine a fenotipo recessivo, e questo risultato confermò la sua ipotesi. Quindi sintetizzò il tutto come segue: “Ogni individuo ha per una particolare caratteristica due ALLELI, provenienti ciascuno da uno dei genitori, che si separano (</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">segregano</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">) per la trasmissione alla generazione successiva attraverso i GAMETI</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">”.</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: it; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #660066; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;">La seconda legge </span><span style="color: #660066; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: sah-RU; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;">di </span><span style="color: #660066; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: sah-RU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">M</span><span style="color: #660066; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: sah-RU; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;">endel </span><span style="color: #660066; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #660066; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">è </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: it; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: center; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #660066; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;">la legge della “SEGREGAZIONE”</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GWDnQU4c7bU/TqqvRBQJPCI/AAAAAAAAAG8/PC7sRlKpEeE/s1600/Immagine6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="159" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GWDnQU4c7bU/TqqvRBQJPCI/AAAAAAAAAG8/PC7sRlKpEeE/s200/Immagine6.png" width="200" /></a><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wX6gbL6_jaM/TqqvIUTVwdI/AAAAAAAAAG0/AlKoI8x0cfI/s1600/Immagine5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="152" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wX6gbL6_jaM/TqqvIUTVwdI/AAAAAAAAAG0/AlKoI8x0cfI/s200/Immagine5.png" width="200" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Mendel</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> proseguì i suoi esperimenti provando ad associare più caratteri. Scelse due linee parentali pure, una pianta alta e con fiori viola e una pianta bassa con fiori bianchi, eseguì l’impollinazione artificiale e ottenne una F1 mista, piante eterozigote </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">VbAt</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, ma </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">fenotipicamente</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> tutta dominante. </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Era possibile creare “COMBINAZIONI NUOVE”, non esistenti tra gli individui parentali? Nella seconda generazione la F2 compaiono individui con caratteri </span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: sah-RU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">variamente associati: i genotipi della generazione F2 sono in rapporto 9:3:3:</span><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">1.”</span></div><span style="color: green; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"></span><br />
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<span style="color: #990099; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;">La terza legge </span><span style="color: #990099; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: sah-RU; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;">di </span><span style="color: #990099; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: sah-RU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">M</span><span style="color: #990099; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: sah-RU; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;">endel</span><span style="color: #990099; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #990099; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">è <span style="color: #990099; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;">la legge </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: it; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"><span style="color: #990099; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;">dell’ “</span><span style="color: #990099; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-weight: bold; language: it; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">AS</span><span style="color: #990099; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;">SORTIMENTO<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>INDIPENDENTE”</span><span style="color: #990099; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: it; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;"> </span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: it; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-z_JcJqYUScM/TqqxeER-NdI/AAAAAAAAAHM/YaVar74K5AY/s1600/Immagine8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-z_JcJqYUScM/TqqxeER-NdI/AAAAAAAAAHM/YaVar74K5AY/s640/Immagine8.png" width="617" /></a></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: it; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"><br />
<strong><span style="color: #990099; font-family: Bradley Hand ITC;"><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">Le didascalie delle immagini richiamano i link dei siti da cui sono stati scelti.</span> </span></strong><br />
<br />
<strong><span style="color: #990099;"><span style="font-family: Bradley Hand ITC;">Questo lavoro è stato realizzato da Rosaria Ruggirello, </span></span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="color: #990099;"><span style="font-family: Bradley Hand ITC;">alunna della classe 3' sez. G <span style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; language: sah-RU; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"></div>"giorni di liceo"http://www.blogger.com/profile/09568976494620209360noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732177137311308105.post-57522751124932988752011-10-25T10:24:00.000-07:002011-10-25T10:24:29.476-07:00Le reazioni chimiche.<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Le reazioni chimiche</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;">Una <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reazione chimica</b> è un processo in cui una o più sostanze chiamate <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reagenti</b> si trasformano in altre chiamate <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prodotti.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Le reazioni chimiche costituiscono fatti sperimentali e, quindi, reali. Reazioni chimiche sono:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 1.2pt 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">la corrosione del ferro a ruggine (che è composta da ossidi di ferro);</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 1.2pt 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="color: black;">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="color: black;">la combustione del metano o altri combustibili (il metano con l'ossigeno si tras</span>forma in anidride carbonica o vapore acqueo);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>la digestione (gli alimenti sono decomposti dai succhi gastrici in sostanze chimiche assimilabili dall’organismo);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">Un’<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">equazione chimica</b>, invece, è la rappresentazione simbolica di una reazione.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">I simboli e le formule dei reagenti sono scritti a sinistra di una freccia e i simboli e le formule dei prodotti a destra. La freccia rappresenta la reazione.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">REAGENTI<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 26pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 48pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">PRODOTTI</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Un’equazione chimica corretta deve essere <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bilanciata, </b>cioè<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>nella reazione deve risultare lo stesso numero di atomi nei reagenti e nei prodotti.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">Osserviamo la seguente equazione chimica <b>non bilanciata.</b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">N<sub>2</sub></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">+ H<sub>2</sub></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-no-proof: yes;"><shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"></path><lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></lock></shapetype><shape alt="http://www.itg-rondani.it/dida/chimica/images/MODULO1im/immagini1_4/freccia.gif" id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" style="height: 10.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 58.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata o:title="freccia" src="file:///C:\Users\Elsa\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif"></imagedata></shape></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">NH<sub>3</sub></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">Un'equazione chimica non bilanciata è come una ricetta senza dosi; nel nostro caso l'equazione ci dice che facendo reagire azoto e idrogeno si otterrà un composto chiamato ammoniaca ma non ci informa sui rapporti numerici esistenti tra le specie chimiche coinvolte. Se raffiguriamo l'equazione chimica non bilanciata con delle particelle ci accorgamo subito che c'è qualcosa che non va.</span></div><div align="center" style="text-align: center;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 300px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm; width: 100%;" width="100%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-ABCJyw7EL18/TY4dUcnll0I/AAAAAAAAAEo/E7UIHL6KneE/s1600/ammonia+-+Copia.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" r6="true" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-ABCJyw7EL18/TY4dUcnll0I/AAAAAAAAAEo/E7UIHL6KneE/s1600/ammonia+-+Copia.gif" /></a></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><imagedata o:title="NH3nonbil" src="file:///C:\Users\Elsa\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif"></imagedata></span></span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">Infatti mentre a sinistra della freccia abbiamo in tutto 2 atomi di idrogeno, a destra se ne contano 3; allo stesso modo a sinistra troviamo 2 atomi di azoto mentra a destra ce n' è 1 solo. Nelle reazioni chimiche gli atomi non si creano e non si distruggono (ricordiamo la costanza della massa e quindi degli atomi nelle reazioni), ma semplicemente si dispongono in maniera differente rispetto alla situazione iniziale. Sicuramente l'equazione scritta sopra non sta rappresentando correttamente la realtà. Cerchiamo allora di bilanciarla tenendo presente che:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">Nel nostro caso il primo passo da compiere è di scrivere un 2 davanti alla formula del prodotto in modo da bilanciare l'azoto (2 atomi a sinistra e 2 a destra).</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">N<sub>2</sub></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">+ H<sub>2</sub></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-no-proof: yes;"><shape alt="http://www.itg-rondani.it/dida/chimica/images/MODULO1im/immagini1_4/freccia.gif" id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 10.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 58.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <imagedata o:title="freccia" src="file:///C:\Users\Elsa\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif"></imagedata></shape></span></b><b><span style="color: #cc0066; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">2</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">NH<sub>3</sub></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">Ora a destra ci sono 6 atomi di idrogeno (</span><span style="color: #ff0099; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> molecole contenenti 3 atomi ciascuna) e per bilanciarli è necessario scrivere un </span><span style="color: #ff0099; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">3</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> davanti alla molecola dell'idrogeno (</span><span style="color: #ff0099; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">3</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> molecole costituite da 2 atomi ciascuna = 6 atomi in tutto)</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">N<sub>2</sub></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">+</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #ff0099; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">3</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">H<sub>2</sub></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-no-proof: yes;"><shape alt="http://www.itg-rondani.it/dida/chimica/images/MODULO1im/immagini1_4/freccia.gif" id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 10.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 58.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <imagedata o:title="freccia" src="file:///C:\Users\Elsa\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif"></imagedata></shape></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #ff0099; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">2</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">NH<sub>3</sub></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">Ora l'equazione è correttamente bilanciata e mi indica che con </span><span style="color: #ff0099; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">1 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">molecola di azoto reagiscono </span><span style="color: #ff0099; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">3</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">molecole di idrogeno per dare </span><span style="color: #ff0099; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> molecole di ammoniaca. Anche la nostra raffigurazione microscopica deve essere così modificata:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-ojE_NdlH9tw/TY4do7WlUgI/AAAAAAAAAEs/N9oamK8sxEM/s1600/ammonia.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" r6="true" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-ojE_NdlH9tw/TY4do7WlUgI/AAAAAAAAAEs/N9oamK8sxEM/s1600/ammonia.gif" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" style="text-align: center;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 350px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm; width: 100%;" width="100%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><shape alt="http://www.itg-rondani.it/dida/chimica/images/MODULO1im/immagini1_4/NH3bilanciata.gif" id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 46.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 248.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <imagedata o:title="NH3bilanciata" src="file:///C:\Users\Elsa\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif"></imagedata></shape></span></span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div align="justify" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Come si classificano le reazioni chimiche</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Considerato che il numero delle reazioni chimiche è molto elevato, i chimici le hanno classificate in cinque gruppi tenendo conto del tipo di sostanze che reagiscono e che sono prodotte.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reazioni di combinazione o di sintesi.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Nelle reazioni di combinazione o di sintesi due o più reagenti formano un unico prodotto.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>B</span></b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: red;">A</span><span style="color: #002060;">B</span></span></b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Un metallo si combina con l’ossigeno per dare un ossido basico:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">2Mg<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">O<sub>2</sub></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: red;">2MgO</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Un non metallo si lega con l’ossigeno per originare un ossido acido o anidride:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">S<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">O<sub>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">SO<sub>2</sub></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Un metallo reagisce con un non metallo per formare un sale:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">2Al<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">3Cl<sub>2 </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">2AlCl<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Un ossido acido si somma ad una molecola di H<sub>2</sub>O per produrre un acido:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">SO<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub></span><sub><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">H<sub>2</sub>O</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Un ossido basico si combina con H<sub>2</sub>O per dare un idrossido:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">Na<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">H<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">2NaOH</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 50%; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 300%; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Un ossido basico si lega con un ossido acido per formare un sale:</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 300%; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">CaO<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">SO<sub>2</sub></span><sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">CaSO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reazioni di decomposizione.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Nelle reazioni di decomposizione<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>un composto si scinde per formare due o più prodotti.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">A</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">B </span></b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">B</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Il carbonato di calcio, per riscaldamento, si divide in ossido di calcio e diossido di carbonio:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">CaO<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">CO<sub>2</sub></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Il clorato di potassio, in seguito a riscaldamento, si scinde in cloruro di potassio e<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ossigeno:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">2 KClO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">2 KCl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">3O<sub>2</sub></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reazioni di scambio semplice.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Le reazioni di scambio semplice, note anche come reazioni di spostamento, sono quelle in cui un elemento libero reagisce con un composto per formare un nuovo composto e sposta un elemento dal composto originario. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">B</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">C</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">A</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">B</span></b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Due atomi di alluminio reagiscono con sei molecole di acido cloridrico per formare due molecole di cloruro di alluminio e tre molecole di idrogeno.</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">2Al<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6HCl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">2AlCl<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3H<sub>2</sub></span><sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Un atomo di ferro si lega con l’acido solforico per creare una molecola di solfato di ferro e una molecola di idrogeno.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">Fe<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></span><sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">FeSO<sub>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+ </span><sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">H<sub>2</sub></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Le reazioni di scambio semplice, combinazione e decomposizione sono anche reazioni dette di <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ossido-riduzione o reazioni redox.</b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Le reazioni di ossido-riduzione sono caratterizzate dal trasferimento di elettroni, infatti, quando un atomo o ione, perde elettroni la reazione è detta di <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ossidazione</b>, invece, quando acquista elettroni è detta di <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">riduzione.</b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">L’ossidazione e la riduzione si verificano sempre contemporaneamente, perché un elemento cede elettroni se vi è un altro elemento che li accetta.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Esempio di ossido-riduzione:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Se analizziamo la reazione tra magnesio e ossigeno, otteniamo l’ossido di magnesio. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Il magnesio e l’ossigeno presi singolarmente contengono atomi senza carica, ma nell’ossido di magnesio, essendo un composto ionico, abbiamo cationi Mg<sup>+2 </sup>e anioni O<sup>-2.</sup></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">In questa reazione ciascun atomo di magnesio cede 2elettroni e diventa catione (Mg </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Mg<sup>+2 </sup>+ 2e<sup>-</sup>), mentre ciascun atomo di ossigeno acquista 2elettroni e diventa anione (O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2e<sup>-</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>→<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O<sup>-2</sup>)</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><sub> </sub><span style="color: black;">Mg <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Mg<sup>+2</sup>(catione) + 2e<sup>- </sup>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2e<sup>-</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O<sup>-2</sup>(anione)</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reazioni di doppio scambio.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">In una reazione di doppio scambio due reagenti si scambiano parte delle loro molecole originando un precipitato (↓) o formando H<sub>2</sub>O(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Brush Script MT"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">l</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">) oppure sviluppando un gas(↑). </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">L’acido cloridrico si lega con l’idrossido di sodio per formare il cloruro di sodio e acqua.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">HCl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NaOH</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NaCl</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>O</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Il solfuro di ferro reagisce con l’acido cloridrico per produrre cloruro di ferro e acido solfidrico.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">FeS<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>HCl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">FeCl<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>S</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reazioni con formazione di un precipitato</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Quando il composto solido si separa dalla soluzione si dice che forma un <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">precipitato.</b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">La freccia rivolta verso il basso indica che il composto è insolubile.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Alcuni esempi di formazione di un precipitato:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2KI </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">PbI<sub>2</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">(↓)<sub><span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">+</span><span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2KNO<sub>3</sub></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">CoCl<sub>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+</span><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">2KOH </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">2KCl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Co(OH)<sub>2</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">(↓)<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">CuSO<sub>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+</span><sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">2NaOH</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">(↓)<sub><span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">+</span><sub><span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="color: red;">Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">CuSO<sub>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+</span><sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">4NH<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub></span><sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="color: black;">→ </span></span>(Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>)<sup>+2</sup> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">(↓)<span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">+</span><span style="color: red;"> (SO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>-2</sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reazioni endotermiche ed esotermiche</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Le reazioni endotermiche ed esotermiche sono semplici reazioni in cui si registra una variazione di calore poiché avviene in esse rispettivamente un assorbimento o una liberazione di energia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Alcuni esempi di reazioni endotermiche:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">NaNO<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">H<sub>2</sub>O</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">soluzione che assorbe calore</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>O</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">soluzione che assorbe calore</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">Alcuni esempi di reazioni esotermiche:</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">NaOH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>O</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">soluzione che libera calore</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">+</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>O</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">→</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;">soluzione che libera calore</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div></div><div align="justify" style="text-align: center;"> </div><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lavoro prodotto da Natale Romano, classe V sez. “G”.</span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div></div>"giorni di liceo"http://www.blogger.com/profile/09568976494620209360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732177137311308105.post-21318841058986542492011-10-25T10:20:00.000-07:002011-10-29T03:16:05.483-07:00I legami chimici.<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt 573.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; color: black; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-highlight: yellow;">I LEGAMI CHIMICI</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt 573.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Le forze che tengono uniti gli atomi in una molecola sono dette LEGAMI CHIMICI. Un legame si forma perché il sistema nello stato finale, costituito dagli atomi combinati, ha un contenuto energetico minore rispetto al sistema iniziale in cui gli atomi sono separati. I legami chimici sono di tipo <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">FORTE</span></b><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;"> o <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">INTRAMOLECOLARI</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>[leg. ionico, leg. metallico, leg. covalente(omopolare – eterppolare – dativo)] e <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">DEBOLI </span></b><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">o<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> INTERMOLECOLARI</b></span> [interazioni dipolo-dipolo(tra dipoli permanenti –tra dipolo e dipolo indotto – tra dipoli istantanei),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>legame a ponte H].</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 121.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sono gli elettroni del livello più esterno di un atomo che partecipano al legame, mentre gli elettroni più interni non sono coinvolti. Per rappresentare gli elettroni di valenza vengono usati i <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">SIMBOLI A PUNTI DI LEWIS</span></b> che enunciò anche la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">REGOLA DELL’OTTETTO</span></b> vale a dire un atomo è particolarmente stabile quando possiede otto elettroni nel livello di valenza.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Il legame covalente mostra due caratteristiche importanti, lunghezza ed energia di legame. La lunghezza di legame è la distanza tra i nuclei di due atomi, essa<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>diminuisce quando il numero di coppie di elettroni condivisi aumenta; un legame semplice è più lungo di uno doppio e quest’ultimo è più lungo di uno triplo, si misura in pm (picometro). L’energia di legame indica la forza del leg. quando<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>si forma o si rompe; se aumenta il numero di legami tra gli atomi, l’energia di legame cresce, si misura in KJ<sub>/mol</sub>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">L’<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">ELETTRONEGATIVITÀ</span> </b>è un parametro usato per decidere se un legame è covalente e se un legame è più polare rispetto ad un altro. Il valore dell’elettronegatività cresce lungo il periodo e decresce lungo il gruppo, diminuisce procedendo da destra verso sinistra. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">EN</span></b> è la misura della capacità di un atomo, in una molecola di attrarre verso di se gli elettroni condivisi in un legame covalente. Più precisamente se <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">EN</span></b> è < di 0,4 il leg. è puro, se <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">EN</span></b> scorre da 0,4 a 1,9 il leg. è di tipo polare, se <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">EN</span></b> >1,9 il leg. si definisce ionico. Per valori compresi tra 1 e 1,9 si ha una % di legame polare e una % di leg. ionico. </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: currentColor; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td colspan="11" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 725.15pt;" width="967"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-highlight: yellow;">Elettronegatività e carattere del legame</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></b></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;">Differenza di <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">EN</span></b></span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,00</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.9pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,65</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.9pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,94</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,19</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,43</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,67</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,91</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2,19</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2,54</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3,03</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">% carattere ionico</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.9pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">10%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.9pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">20%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">30%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">40%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">50%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">60%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">70%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">80%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">90%</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">% carattere covalente</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">100%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.9pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">90%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.9pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">80%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">70%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">60%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">50%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">40%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">30%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">20%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">10%</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Esempi</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;">F<sub>2</sub> IBr<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ICl OF<sub>2</sub></span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.9pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.9pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NF<sub>3</sub> HCl</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LiH</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NaI Lil</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">CF<sub>4</sub> KI LiBr</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">KBr LiCl</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -8pt 0pt 0cm; tab-stops: 83.25pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NaBr NaCl</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">BF<sub>3</sub> KCl</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">BeF<sub>2</sub> LiF</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) black black rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LiF KF NaF</span></div></td></tr>
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 53.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Il legame covalente si ha quando 2 atomi, con EN pressoché uguale, mettono in comune gli e<sup>-</sup> esterni per formare legami semplici (H-H), doppi (O=O) o tripli (N≡N). Il legame covalente omopolare o apolare si verifica tra due atomi uguali o tra atomi con differenza di <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">EN</span></b> < 0,4 (es. H<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, AsH<sub>3</sub>, Br<sub>2</sub>,I<sub>2</sub>, PH<sub>3</sub> e altri), in essi gli orbitali atomici avvicinandosi si compenetrano formando un <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">guscio molecolare</span> </b>nel quale<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>la coppia di elettroni risulta <span class="googqs-tidbit1">equamente condivisa ed equidistanti dai nuclei</span>. Il legame covalente eteropolare o polare si ha tra due atomi diversi (es. HCl, HF, CaH<sub>2</sub>, LiH, NaH, ecc), in essi<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>il<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">guscio molecolare</span> </b>tende a spostarsi verso l’atomo che ha maggiore EN producendo una polarità asimmetrica indicata con il simbolo </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt;">S<sup>+</sup></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 16pt;">S<sup>-</sup></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> . Nel legame covalente dativo la coppia di elettroni da condividere viene fornita da uno solo dei due atomi partecipanti al legame. L’atomo donatore deve possedere un doppietto elettronico disponibile in un sottolivello esterno, mentre l’atomo accettore deve avere un sottolivello libero disponibile. Molecole con legame dativo sono: SO<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, HClO<sub>4</sub>, HClO<sub>3</sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub>, rispettivamente S, P, Cl, N sono gli atomi donatori con un doppietto elettronico disponibile verso l’atomo di O che accetta la coppia di e<sup>-</sup> . L’atomo di O, in questa situazione, ha la seguente configurazione elettronica: 1s<sup>2</sup> [↑↓] – 2s<sup>2</sup>[↑↓] 2p<sup>4</sup>[↑↓][↑↓]<span style="color: red;">[</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="color: red;"> </span> </span><span style="color: red;">]</span> ←orbitale vuoto che accetta gli e<sup>-</sup>.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 159.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Il legame ionico è un legame che tiene uniti gli atomi mediante le forze elettrostatiche. Quando un metallo si combina con un non metallo si verifica il trasferimento di uno o più elettroni dagli <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">ATOMI DEL METALLO</span></b> (cede e<sup>-</sup> diventando ione positivo - catione) a quelli del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">NON METALLO</span></b> (acquista e<sup>-</sup> diventando ione negativo - anione). I legami ionici<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>formano composti ionici solidi con elevati punti di fusione; NaCl, il comune sale da cucina, presenta legami ionici che conferiscono una struttura a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">RETICOLO CRISTALLINO</span></b>, nel quale gli ioni Na<sup>+</sup> e Cl<sup>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sup>esercitano la loro attrazione elettrostatica in tutte le direzioni in modo tale che ogni catione è circondato dal maggior numero possibile di anioni e viceversa. L’intero reticolo rappresenta una molecola infinita e gli ioni sono localizzati nei punti reticolari, detti <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">NODI</span></b> del reticolo.<sup> </sup>Quando si forma un catione o un anione le dimensione dell’atomo cambiano notevolmente dato che viene perduto a acquistato un elettrone esterno. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 367.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Il legame metallico è dato dall’attrazione tra gli ioni positivi del metallo e gli elettroni mobili che lo circondano. Gli elementi metallici nella tavola periodica sono più numerosi e sono tutti solidi tranne il mercurio (Hg) e il gallio (Ga). Si presentano con un reticolo cristallino tridimensionale costituito da atomi tutti uguali. La maggior parte dei metalli si presentano <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">MALLEABILI</span></b> (trasformati a lamine), <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">DUTTILI</span></b> (ridotti in fili). Nel rame (Cu) gli elettroni di valenza vengono messi in comune tra tutti gli atomi del reticolo che diventano cationi. Si forma un <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">GAS DI ELETTRONI</span></b> molto mobile che spiega la conducibilità elettrica dei metalli quando viene applicata una differenza di potenziale ciò è spiegato dal fatto che gli elettroni liberi si comportano come un vero e proprio <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">LUBRIFICANTE</span>. </b>Quando un corpo metallico è sottoposto ad una forza che tende a deformarlo, allora avviene che alcune porzioni del reticolo “scivolano” su altre porzioni grazie al lubrificante. Il legame metallico può essere definito sulla base dei concetti fondamentali della meccanica quantistica. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">FELIX BLOCH</span></b> (fisico svizzero ‘900) formulò la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">TEORIA DELLE BANDE</span>: <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">BANDA DI VALENZA</span></b> (insieme di valori di energia che possiede un elettrone vincolato all’atomo), <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">BANDA PROIBITA</span></b> (costituita da un insieme di valori di energia che un elettrone non può possedere) e <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">BANDA DI CONDUZIONE</span></b> (un elettrone che acquista una tale energia abbandona l’atomo e diventa libero). Esse sono più o meno presenti negli <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">ISOLANTI</span></b> (banda di conduzione e banda di valenza separati da una grande GAP), <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">SEMICONDUTTORI</span> </b>(banda di conduzione e banda di valenza separati da una breve GAP) e <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">CONDUTTORI</span> </b>(banda di conduzione e banda di valenza contigui). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Le <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">FORZE DIPOLO-DIPOLO</span></b> si verificano quando le molecole si dispongono in modo tale che la parte negativa di una molecola sia orientata verso la parte positiva della molecola adiacente; il <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">DIPOLO</span></b><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PERMANENTE</b></span> si ha con molecole polari, il <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">DIPOLO</span></b><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">INDOTTO</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>si verifica quando una molecola con un dipolo permanente si avvicina a una molecola non polare trasformandola in un dipolo, il <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">DIPOLO</span></b><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ISTANTANEO</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>si genera quando una molecola apolare possiede una distribuzione di e<sup>-</sup> esterna che può fluttuare generando un dipolo istantaneo che può a sua volta promuovere un dipolo indotto.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Le <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">FORZE DI LONDON</span></b> sono forze deboli intermolecolari che si creano quando dipoli temporanei sono vicini tra loro (dipolo istantaneo e dipolo indotto). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Le <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">FORZE DI VAN DER VAALS</span></b> sono forze deboli intermolecolari che si creano quando dipoli permanenti si avvicinano a molecole neutre (dipolo permanente e dipolo indotto).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lavoro prodotto da Caterina Chiarenza, classe V sez. “G”.</span></div>"giorni di liceo"http://www.blogger.com/profile/09568976494620209360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732177137311308105.post-31316087310463124492011-10-25T10:12:00.000-07:002012-06-01T07:16:10.006-07:00Video di approfondimento sulle membrane cellulari.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Brush Script MT; font-size: large;">La classe 3' sez. "E" di questo Liceo Scientifico </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Brush Script MT; font-size: large;">presenta tre video di approfondimento sulla membrana cellulare.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Brush Script MT; font-size: large;">Tutti gli alunni ringraziano il loro amico Alberto Amato della 5' sez. "E" per la grande professionalità dimostrata nell'elaborazione e montaggio di questo lavoro. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Brush Script MT; font-size: large;">Parte 1'/3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Brush Script MT; font-size: large;">Parte 2'/3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Brush Script MT; font-size: large;">Parte 3'/3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Brush Script MT; font-size: large;">Buona visione! </span></div>"giorni di liceo"http://www.blogger.com/profile/09568976494620209360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732177137311308105.post-29870563867063061582011-10-25T10:01:00.000-07:002011-10-25T10:01:54.641-07:00Viventi fotoautotrofi.<div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><strong>Viventi fotoautotrofi!</strong></span><u1:p></u1:p><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 9pt;">Le piante</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 9pt;"> sono esseri viventi fotoautotrofi poiché</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> utilizzano la luce del Sole per la </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 9pt;">fotosintesi clorofilliana</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> al fine di produrre le sostanze di cui hanno bisogno</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 9pt;">. Le piante terrestri sono composte da varie parti le radici, con funzione di assorbimento,il fusto organo di sostegno e trasporto delle sostanze nutrienti, le foglie attraverso le quali avviene lo scambio ossigeno - anidride carbonica, i fiori preposti alla riproduzione e i semi che racchiudono l’embrione.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 9pt;">Il primo organo che viene fuori nel terreno è la radichetta poi l’apice del germoglio che spingendosi verso l’alto emerge dal suolo.<u1:p></u1:p> La <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">radice</b> oltre a far ancorare la pianta al suolo, assorbe le sostanze nutritive. La radice può assumere varie forme, a fittone quando vi è una radice principale dalla quale si staccano altre più piccole secondarie o fascicolata in cui si sviluppano numerose radici tutte simili tra loro. La radice presenta una cuffia all’estremità che protegge le cellule meristematiche e favorisce la penetrazione nel terreno.Dall’esterno verso l’interno si distinguono vari strati: l’epidermide che favorisce il passaggio dell’acqua, la corteccia con cellule parenchimatiche, internamente si trova l’endoderma un cilindro di cellule molto unite tra loro che non permettono il passaggio dell’acqua, esse costituiscono la banda del Caspary, l’acqua è quindi costretta ad attraversare il citoplasma delle cellule in modo che si verifichi la filtrazione; infine vi è il cilindro centrale vero cuore della radice dove si trovano i vasi di xilema e floema, tra essi e l’endoderma si trova anche il periciclo da cui possono formarsi le radici laterali.<u1:p></u1:p> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 9pt;">Il <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fusto</b> si sviluppa verso l’alto e sostiene rami e foglie, esso prende origine dall’apige del germoglio che producendo cellule stabilisce l’accrescimento primario. Il fusto internamente è costituito da fasci vascolari chiamati xilema e floema raggruppati in fasci conduttori. La cuticola riveste l’epidermide del fusto nella quale si trovano le lenticelle, aperture che servono per lo scambio gassoso. Sotto l’epidermide vi è la regione corticale composta da cellule parenchimatiche che con il tempo formeranno il tronco legnoso. Di anno in anno il tronco diventa sempre più alto e largo, ciò è dovuto al cambio vascolare che crea l’accrescimento secondario tra xilema e floema, formando all’interno nuovo xilema e all’esterno nuovo floema. Il fusto allargandosi causa la rottura dell’epidermide che lascia il posto al sughero formato dal fellogeno, tessuto meristematico delimitato nella corteccia. Col tempo, tra epidermide e sughero si forma la scorza costituita da cellule morte. Tutte queste trasformazioni evidenziano diversi strati nel tronco, il durame più interno è la parte dove si concentra lo xilema inattivo, segue l’alburno la parte attiva dei vasi di xilema, poi il cambio che produce cellule vive, mentre il floema è la parte periferica del tronco che trasporta linfa elaborata dalle foglie, segue la corteccia con cellule morte di floema ed esternamente il fellogeno produce il sughero.<u1:p></u1:p> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 9pt;">Le <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">foglie</b> possono essere attaccate al fusto grazie ad un picciolo e avere nervature ramificate o circondare il fusto con una guaina e avere nervature parallele. Le piante si definiscono caducifoglie se perdono le loro foglie prima dell’inverno o sempreverdi se invece non le perdono mai tutte insieme. La struttura interna della foglia si compone di strati, esternamente vi è l’epidermide che riveste la foglia, sotto di essa il tessuto parenchimatico a palizzata, all’interno del quale si svolge la fotosintesi e il tessuto parenchimatico lacunoso composto da cellule distanziate tra loro per consentire il passaggio dei gas e infine il tessuto vascolare formato dai vasi di xilema e floema. Le foglie bifacciali presentano gli stomi sulla pagina inferiore e le cellule foto-sintetizzanti nella pagina superiore; mentre le foglie equifacciali presentano le cellule foto-sintetizzanti e gli stomi ovunque. <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-82PlOfcYUQQ/Tqbqpk0J4YI/AAAAAAAAAFE/h-4U0Q6FJbk/s1600/cartellone+piante.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="229" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-82PlOfcYUQQ/Tqbqpk0J4YI/AAAAAAAAAFE/h-4U0Q6FJbk/s320/cartellone+piante.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" class="separator" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 9pt;">L’organo riproduttore della pianta è il <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fiore</b>, composto da un peduncolo che sorregge il ricettacolo, sul quale si trovano il calice con i sepali e i petali. Internamente a queste strutture si trovano gli organi riproduttori, l’androceo (maschile) è formato da stami comprendenti il filamento e l’antera, mentre il gineceo (femminile) è costituito da carpelli contenenti gli ovuli e l’ovario, lo stilo e lo stigma. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 9pt;">A secondo del periodo di fioritura le piante si distinguono in annuali, se fioriscono alla fine della stagione della loro vita, biennali se i fiori si formano al secondo anno e perenni riferito a piante che fioriscono più volte l’anno o alla fine della loro lunga vita.<u1:p></u1:p> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 9pt;">I semi contengono l’embrione, il tessuto nutritivo rappresentato dai cotiledoni e il tegumento che riveste e protegge. Amido, grassi e proteine sono le sostanze che hanno la funzione di nutrire l’embrione e anche la pianta nei suoi primi giorni di vita. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 9pt;">Contemporaneamente al seme si sviluppa anche il suo “contenitore” il <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">frutto</b> chiamato pericarpo e formato da endocarpo, mesocarpo e epicarpo. Quando le condizioni ambientali diventano favorevoli, il seme germina, cioè assorbe grande quantità d’acqua dal terreno e l’embrione si sviluppa e si trasforma in piantina utilizzando per crescere le sostanze contenute nei cotiledoni. <br />
<u1:p></u1:p>Come nello sviluppo embrionale degli animali, anche nelle piante si evidenziano cellule non specializzate, dette meristematiche, la cui funzione è quella di accrescere l’embrione trasformandolo in germoglio che darà origine al fusto e alle foglie e in apice radicale che formerà la radice. Dalle cellule meristematiche si formano diversi tipi di tessuti: tegumentale, fondamentale e vascolare. Il primo forma l’epidermide impregnata di cutina, sostanza impermeabile che forma uno strato di cuticola e il sughero che riveste le parti legnose del fusto costituito da suberina anch’essa sostanza impermeabile. Il secondo comprende parenchima, collenchima e sclerenchima; il parenchima è un insieme di cellule poco specializzate che agiscono in caso di ferita della pianta, il collenchima è formato da cellule inspessite che vanno ad irrigidire le parti tenere della pianta, infine lo sclerenchima è costituito da due tipi di cellule le fibre presenti nelle nervature delle foglie e le sclereidi presenti nei gusci dei noccioli. L’ultimo tessuto è quello vascolare formato da xilema e floema che trasportano la linfa grezza (acqua e sali) dalla radice verso le foglie e la linfa elaborata (zuccheri) dalle foglie al resto della pianta.<u1:p></u1:p> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">La linfa grezza viaggia in salita nei vasi dello xilema, dalle radici alle foglie, grazie al sole e alla traspirazione si verificano la coesione favorendo il trascinamento di molecole d’acqua che si legano tra loro come una catena, e l’adesione che permette appunto l’aderenza delle molecole d’acqua alla parete dello xilema. Le sostanze assorbite dalle radici vengono definiti macronutrienti come azoto, zolfo, fosforo e micronutrienti come ferro, cloro, rame e zinco. La linfa elaborata invece viaggia in discesa, nei vasi del floema, dalle foglie scende alle radici con un meccanismo chiamato flusso di pressione.<u1:p></u1:p> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 9pt;">Infine come negli animali, anche le piante reagiscono agli stimoli esterni tramite <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ormoni, c</span>ioè messaggeri chimici che regolano le diverse funzioni dei vegetali. Nelle piante non esiste un centro che comanda la produzione e la secrezione di tutti gli ormoni, inoltre essi sono efficaci a concentrazioni molto basse. Si distinguono cinque gruppi principali: <i>auxine</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">acido abscissico</span>,<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> citochinine, etilene e</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">gibberelline</span>. </i>Le auxine promuovono l’allungamento delle cellule, sono coinvolte nella dominanza apicale e prevengono la caduta di frutti e foglie; l’acido abscissico stimola la chiusura degli stomi e inibisce la crescita e favorisce lo stato di quiescenza; le citochinine promuovono la crescita cellulare e ritardano l’ingiallimento delle foglie; l’etilene favorisce la maturazione dei frutti e la caduta di foglie fiori e frutti; le gibberelline promuovono l’allungamento dei fusti e la germinazione di alcuni semi, stimolano la fioritura e lo sviluppo di frutti.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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</div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 9pt;">Questo lavoro realizzato da Giada Gueli, alunna della classe 4' sez. "E". </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<u1:p></u1:p></div>"giorni di liceo"http://www.blogger.com/profile/09568976494620209360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732177137311308105.post-90196483007068164112011-10-25T09:40:00.000-07:002011-10-25T09:40:01.771-07:00Articolo sulle biotecnologie<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;">Articolo sulle biotecnologie</span></b><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14pt; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 0cm; tab-stops: 496.15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy";">Le biotecnologie sono un insieme di tecniche finalizzate a produrre nuove molecole a partire da forme viventi presenti in natura, selezionati e creati in laboratorio. </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">A partire dagli anni Settanta il termine "biotecnologie" è messo in relazione a quello di ingegneria genetica (= scienza che modifica il DNA). Gran parte delle moderne biotecnologie fa uso di organismi alterati geneticamente, che funzionano più efficacemente o in modo diverso dall'organismo originario.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy";">Molti pensano che le biotecnologie siano una scienza moderna perché si è sviluppata nel nostro tempo, in realtà esistono da migliaia di anni... Si trattava di tecniche pratiche, senza alcuna conoscenza scientifica, risalenti a quasi 4000 anni fa, ai tempi delle antiche civiltà quali sumera, egizia, mesopotamica, greca e romana che utilizzavano i lieviti per la fermentazione del vino, della birra e del pane, mentre il latte si faceva coagulare con un enzima estratto dallo stomaco dei vitelli, per produrre formaggi, burro e yogurt. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy";">Fu la scoperta della penicillina, nel 1928, che diede inizio alla produzione di molecole a partire dal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>metabolismo microbico. Nacque così l’<b>ingegneria genetica, cioè </b>la capacità di sfruttare le tecniche genetiche come base<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>per le nuove biotecnologie.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy";">Oggi l’ingegneria genetica è di fondamentale importanza in campo medico per la produzione di alcuni farmaci e vaccini. L’<b>insulina </b>è un farmaco vitale per i diabetici, la cui cura consiste nella somministrazione giornaliera di questo ormone esogeno. È stato possibile introdurre il gene umano per l’insulina nel genoma di un batterio e produrre così l’insulina, identica a quella umana. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy";">Con la stessa tecnica viene prodotto, anche l’<b>ormone della crescita</b>, somministrato ai bambini affetti da un difetto nella crescita, l’<b>interferone</b>, utilizzato nella cura dell’epatite e alcune forme tumorali e l’<b>eritropoietina</b> per stimolare la produzione di globuli rossi nei soggetti dializzati.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy";">I vaccini prodotti con le biotecnologie si ottengo con l’isolamento del gene che sintetizza la proteina del microorganismo che induce la risposta immunitaria. Il gene viene poi inserito<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in un batterio che viene coltivato in vitro e la proteina ottenuta è il nuovo vaccino, una miscela di proteine. È stato possibile produrre vaccini <b>polivalenti</b> che conferiscono immunità nei confronti di diversi patogeni con un ‘ unica somministrazione.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy";">Le biotecnologie<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>vengono usate nella ricerca di base con la creazione di topi transgenici, è possibile introdurre un gene esterno (transgene) nella linea germinale di un animale da esperimento, in modo che la progenie risulti portatrice del carattere transgenico; queste tecniche risultano utili in campo biomedico.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">Nella bonifica ambientale le biotecnologie sono basilari per degradare le sostanze inquinanti presenti nell'ambiente e nel suolo, poiché si utilizzano i microrganismi degradatori o microrganismi scelti appositamente per la loro capacità di detossificazione.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 14pt; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 0cm; tab-stops: 496.15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">Oggi, queste tecniche di ricerca applicata permettono la produzione di molti composti chimici, usati nei processi di stampa e di tintura, nella produzione di alcune materie plastiche, o aggiunti come acidificanti in alcuni alimenti, e nelle sostanze antigelo. </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy";">A partire dagli anni ottanta, </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">le biotecnologie furon</span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy";">o provate</span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> anche </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy";">in agricoltura definendo la nascita degli OGM. Tre gruppi di ricercatori inserirono dei geni batterici, resistenti ad alcuni antibiotici, in piante sperimentali. Nacquero così le prime piante transgeniche e da allora ebbe inizio un intenso dibattito tra favorevoli e contrari, questione preoccupante che ci impegna contro l’uso indiscriminato di <b>organismi geneticamente modificati</b>, <b>nocivi</b> per la salute e <b>lesivi</b> per la biodiversità presente in natura. Il dibattito, in realtà, è sugli alimenti che provengono da coltivazioni OGM. Le controversie riguardano la sicurezza dei cibi transgenici per la salute dell’uomo e per l’ambiente. Per la salute dell’uomo si sa che il DNA ingerito è sottoposto a degradazione nell’ambiente acido del nostro stomaco e gli antibiotici sono degradati. Per la sicurezza ambientale, le piante GM potrebbero “contaminare” le piantagioni non GM, ma la contaminazione si può ridurre quasi al minimo seminando soltanto in campi transgenici anche se può esistere il rischio della contaminazione tramite polline.<b> </b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy";">Le biotecnologie dovrebbe accrescere le potenzialità delle tecnologie agricole tradizionali e fornire soluzioni all’avanguardia come coltivazioni di vegetali resistenti ai parassiti e alle malattie, riducendo l’uso dei prodotti chimici che danneggino l’ambiente e la salute umana. Migliorare la qualità nutrizionale dei cibi di base come il riso transgenico nel quale viene <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>inserito il gene per la produzione di betacarotene che nel nostro organismo viene trasformato in vitamina A. Le biotecnologie rappresentano una grande promessa per l’agricoltura nei paesi in via di sviluppo, ma finora solo gli agricoltori di alcuni paesi traggono vantaggi dalle sue applicazioni. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy";">Secondo il mio pensiero ritengo giusto l’uso delle biotecnologie nei vari campi d’applicazione, tuttavia per l’ampliamento degli OGM bisogna fare molta attenzione poiché si potrebbero distruggere non soltanto gli equilibri degli ecosistemi, ma scomparirebbe la variabilità genetica dei vegetali. Per questo motivo bisogna fare più attenzione<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>all’uso degli OGM, senza però troncare la ricerca in questo settore, ma<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>approfondire prima di effettuare qualsiasi iniziativa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy";">Lavoro realizzato da Stabile Mariabice, alunna della classe 4<sup>a</sup> sez. “E”.</span></div>"giorni di liceo"http://www.blogger.com/profile/09568976494620209360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732177137311308105.post-6291079917767135282011-10-25T09:35:00.000-07:002011-10-25T09:35:13.228-07:00Eredità poligenica o multifattoriale.<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;"><strong>Eredità poligenica o multifattoriale.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: Lucida Calligraphy;">"Questo post è dedicato a tutti i miei alunni".</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;">Molti caratteri umani, come il colore della pelle, degli occhi, dei capelli, l’altezza, il peso, la pressione arteriosa, la longevità, variano in una popolazione, senza presentare grandi differenze. Questi caratteri ereditari sono il risultato quantitativo di più geni; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ogni singolo gene</span> dà un <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">piccolo contributo</span> all’esibizione di quel carattere, e la somma dei contributi dei diversi geni coinvolti determina il valore reale visibile per quel carattere. Un semplice<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> esempio</span> è l'altezza in un campione di individui. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_r0mMPqoQxtE/TTDDQf0oMcI/AAAAAAAAACk/Adrot1YLanI/s1600/Nuova+immagine.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" n4="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_r0mMPqoQxtE/TTDDQf0oMcI/AAAAAAAAACk/Adrot1YLanI/s1600/Nuova+immagine.png" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;">Qualche volta i caratteri vengono anche influenzati dall’ambiente; per ambiente s’intende l’alimentazione, l’attività fisica, lo stile di vita, la latitudine del luogo che possono influire sui caratteri genetici ereditati. L’interazione continua di questi geni con l’ambiente determina le caratteristiche fenotipiche durante la vita di un individuo. In alcuni casi, le modifiche ambientali possono variare il fenotipo o la fisiologia dell’organismo. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;">Anche un evento casuale può agire su questi caratteri, </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IT;">dallo sviluppo embrionale del cervello fino a dopo la </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;">nascita,</span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> per tutto il corso della vita, in ogni singolo individuo si possono sviluppare delle abilità particolari come quelle musicali o artistiche</span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;">. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;">Quanto detto, in parte lo osservo ogni giorno entrando nelle mie classi e guardando i miei alunni. In loro vedo le variazioni continue dei diversi caratteri ereditari, come ad esempio l’altezza che è variabile nei coetanei in ogni classe. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;">La pelle molto chiara e delicata di Annalisa, Chiara, Giuseppe, Julia, Marnie e Sabrina si contrappone a quella più abbronzata e resistente di </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Giovanni, Francesco Paolo, Simona e Stefano</span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;">. Anche i capelli biondissimi di Irene e Caterina si distinguono da quelli pressoché rossicci di </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Elena e Sergio</span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(in questo caso valgono le leggi di Mendel) e castani di </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Erika, </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Olga, Salvatore e</span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dario</span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;"> mentre Angela, Bruna, Erika e Viviana hanno i capelli molto scuri. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;">Ognuno ha il colore dell’iride specifico influenzato oltre che dalla percentuale di melanina anche dalle condizioni climatiche perché gli occhi con pigmentazione giallo-verde-azzurra-grigia varia a seconda della giornata e dell’abbigliamento; queste caratteristiche si ritrovano in Alessia, Debora, Marco, </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Marica e</span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;"> Martina, mentre Giacoma ha un eterocromia completa poiché le due iridi hanno colori diversi. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;">Alcuni amano fare sport come Antonio, Erika, Marco, Michele, Natale, Federica, Noemi, Maria Teresa e Natalia, altri come Alessandra, Andrea, Claudia, Flavia, Giulia e Noemi preferiscono la danza e l’allenamento continuo agisce sull’aspetto fisico che risulta più atletico; taluni curano l’alimentazione e controllano le calorie assunte come<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Alfredo, </span></span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Giovanna, Greta, Sonia, Monica e Valeria, mentre Francesco e Salvatore amano mangiare di tutto perchè di calorie ne bruciano tante. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;">Infine diversi sono gli alunni che manifestano una spiccata predisposizione per la musica come </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Benedetto, Daniela,</span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Giulia, Ilaria, Martina</span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;"> che studiano e si impegnano al conservatorio, invece </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Agnese, Chiara, Fatima, Fulvio, Giada, Giorgio, Maria Chiara e Marta mostrano una grande inclinazione </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IT;">artistica, mentre Giulia e Marina amano esprimersi in versi.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Lucida Calligraphy;">In tutte le mie classi i caratteri poligenici riguardanti il fenotipo ci sono tutti e questo crea un ambiente ricco di grande variabilità e confronto.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;">Per concludere l'argomento diciamo che gli studi scientifici suddividono i caratteri multifattoriali in: fisici, psichici e patologici. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%;">Quelli fisici corrispondono ai caratteri già descritti, quelli psichici riguardano <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>l’</span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-language: IT;">intelligenza, il talento, l’orientamento sessuale, la schizofrenia, la violenza e lo sport estremo; i caratteri patologici riconosciuti sono il morbo di </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-language: IT;">Alzheimer, il carcinoma mammario, le neoplasie maligne in genere, l’obesità, il diabete e l’aterosclerosi.</span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-language: IT;"></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> Accardi Elsa, docente di scienze nelle sez. "E" & "G".</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></div>"giorni di liceo"http://www.blogger.com/profile/09568976494620209360noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732177137311308105.post-84027168441640938492010-12-21T13:37:00.000-08:002011-01-20T23:33:59.528-08:00Il fumo.<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;">Oggi, nella maggior parte dei Paesi industrializzati la principale causa di morte è legata al consumo di tabacco. Il fumo di sigaretta genera dipendenza fisica e psicologica, causa danni irreversibili agli apparati respiratorio e cardiocircolatorio, abbassa le difese immunitarie dell’organismo e la lucidità mentale, aumenta il rischio di sviluppare tumori; questi danni si registrano sia nei soggetti fumatori che nei fumatori passivi. Per proteggere quest’ultimi, lo Stato, già da tempo, ha avviato delle campagne di informazione sui rischi derivanti <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dal fumo e ha inasprito le norme antifumo stabilendo delle multe per chi fuma in presenza di bambini o donne in gravidanza. Inoltre è vietato fumare in ambienti chiusi, quali scuole, ospedali, cinema, teatri, mezzi di trasporto, mentre uffici di qualsiasi genere, negozi, banche, luoghi di ristorazione hanno l’obbligo di creare aree apposite per fumatori. Presso le Asl e gli ospedali sono attivi dei centri antifumo per sostenere coloro che vogliono smettere di fumare. Ti proponiamo la visione di questo video, non è un invito a smettere ma a riflettere! </span></span><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZB1rNUoPIAQ?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Lucida Calligraphy;">Ora se vuoi rispondi a queste domande: </span></span></div><ul><li><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Lucida Calligraphy;">A che età hai fumato la prima sigaretta? cosa ti ha spinto a iniziare?</span></div></li>
<li><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Lucida Calligraphy;">Quante sigarette fumi al giorno? h</span><span style="font-family: Lucida Calligraphy;">ai pensato qualche volta di smettere?</span></span></li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Lucida Calligraphy;">Sai quali sono i rischi dei fumatori? li ricordi?</span></div></li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Lucida Calligraphy;">Fumi in qualsiasi luogo? anche dove ci sono bambini e donne incinte?</span></div></li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Lucida Calligraphy;">Sai se nella tua città vi è un centro antifumo? Ti piacerebbe consultarlo?</span></div></li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Lucida Calligraphy;">Se smettessi di fumare, cosa compreresti con il denaro risparmiato? </span></div></li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Lucida Calligraphy;">Sai resistere un giorno senza sigarette? </span></div></li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Lucida Calligraphy;">Q</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Lucida Calligraphy;">uando senti il bisogno di fumare?</span></div></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Lucida Calligraphy;">Lascia un commento. </span></div>"giorni di liceo"http://www.blogger.com/profile/09568976494620209360noreply@blogger.com0